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NEGATIVE LABELS AND HOW THEY WORK I was once a math whiz. In high school, I got a 99 in algebra, a 99 m geometry, and a 99 in trigonometry, and I was on the math team. I scored up there with the boys on the air force test of visual-spatial ability, which is why I got recruiting brochures from the air force for many years to come Then I got a Mr. Hellman, a teacher who didn't believe girls could do math. My grades declined, and I never took math again. I actually agreed with Mr. Hellman, but I didn't think it applied to Other girls couldn't do math Mr. Hellman thought it applied to me, too, and I succumbed Everyone knows negative labels are bad, so you'd think this would be a short section. But it isn't a short section, because psychologists are learning how negative labels harm achievement No one knows about negative ability labels like members of stereotyped groups. For example, African Americans know about being stereotyped as lower in intelligence And women know about being stereotyped as bad at math and science But I'm not sure even they know how creepy these stereotypes are Research by Claude Steele and Joshua Aronson shows that even checking a box to indicate your race or sex can trigger the stereotype in your mind and lower your test score Almost anything that reminds you that you're black or female before taking a test in the subject you're supposed tobe bad at will lower your test score a lot. In many of their studies, blacks are equal to whites in their performance, and females are equal to males, when no stereotype is evoked: But just put more males in the room with a female before a math test, and down goes the female's score This is why When stereotypes are evoked, they fill people's minds with distracting thoughts with secret worries about confirming the stereotype. People usually aren't even aware of it, but they don't have enough mental power left to do their best on the test. This doesn't happen to everybody, however. It mainly happens to people who are in a fixed mindset. It's when people are thinking in terms of fixed traits that the stereotypes get to them. Negative stereotypes say. "You and your group are permanently inferior." Only people in the fixed mindset resonate to this message So in the fixed mindset, both positive and negative labels can mess with your mind. When you're given a positive label, you're afraid of losing it. and when you're hit with a negative label, you're afraid of deserving it When people are in a growth mindset, the stereotype doesn't disrupt their performance. The growth mindset takes the teeth out of the stereotype and makes people better able to fight back. They don't believe in permanent inferiority. And if they are behind-well, then they'll work harder, seek help, and try to catch up. The growth mindset also makes people able to take what they can and what they need even from a threatening environment. We asked African American students to write an essay for a competition. They were told that when they finished, their essays would be evaluated by Edward Caldwell III, a distinguished professor with an Ivy League pedigree. That is, a representative of the white establishment.