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Cont.
The wake rested the night before. Then events fol- With nothing but determination and of time plot. I suspect that Heydrich had lowed with machine-gun rapidity. The zeal to offer at first, Heydrich inched his then killed to wipe out the only outside great Red military purge was on. way into Hitler's admiration and confi- witnesses to leis scheme. Even on the At 10 a.m. on June 11, Tukachev- denee. He was about to arrive on top, to Russian side. nobody actively involved in sky's trial began. At 9 p.mn. of the same replace Canaris, when lie was killed. lle the plot is alive today. There is no eye- day lie and seven other generals were died at the end of his titanic fight against witness anywhere in the world. But the sentenced to death by a special military Canaris---a plot by itself within the documents survived. I probably was one tribunal. It was not yet midnight when greater plot. of the few omen alive who ]tad a chance the flash came that all of them had been When I joined the German secret serv- to see them before they were finally de- executed by firing squads. ice, his struggle against the admiral was stroyed. just beginning. Even so, it was a breath- Heydrich set out at once to produce his setDupiiIiis townr~monitor nglservice innlifs taking experience to watch their fight. "evidence": letters which Tukachevsky office and listened to Moscow Radio. He It started in Ilse winter of 1937 with a was alleged to have sent to his German remained at the set to the bitter end- plot that led to the bloody purge of that "friends." It wasn't particularly difficult to Tukachevsky's hitter end. that is. year and paid enormous dividends years to forge these papers. There was plenty The backbone of the Red Army was later when Hitler decided to crush of bona fide correspondence between the 1??"t ; ._ ,__ Russia. ifs liquidated Approved For Release 2008/04/09: CIA-RDP70-00058ROO0100080035-4 ' ~ Strti c Il t was ratnpant in th : . e or- During those winter days in 1937, we tll~at}oIlut. Part of it was du e to a observed that Ieydrich had a particu- delThg, ale, qrganized effort to sabotage larly mysterious air,about him. Ile had Hitler's plots. 11 wasn't as easy as it just lift on an idea that was so fantastic sounds to do thus-and probably it would that it staggered even Hitler's imagina- have been altogether impossible had not tion. It was to become the spy plot of the British succeeded with a decisive plot the century. of their own. With that one single blow Heydrich suggested that "evidence" be to our solar plexus, the British destroyed produced for Stalin himself that the top- the effectiveness of our organization, a]- ranking generals of his Red Army were though I doubt if they planned it that plotting the overthrow of the Communist way or if they are aware even today of regime. There were some rumors abroad the fantastic egnsequences of their oper- that some of the Red generals did, in anon, fact, think along those lines. It is en- This plot involved the liquidation of tirely possible, too, that some of them. Reinhard Heydrich at the very height had actual contacts with their German of his enormous powers. Ile was am- opposite numbers. bushed and killed on his way to the But Marshal M. N. Tukachevsky, the Reich just when lie was about to take best brain in the Red Army General over direction of the whole spy system. Staff, had nothing to do with this grop- Heydrich is the most misunderstood ing design. He was loyal to Stalin and and underrated figure in the espionage a bitter enemy of Germany. This made history of World War II. Due to the in- him a marked man in IIeydrich's eyes, evitable legend which springs up in the who aimed his plot against him. Hey- wake of every war, it is not Ieydrich drich told Hitler: "I have an idea the but Admiral Wilhelm Canaris whose pie- success of which
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Would certainly end ture is etched on the imagination of the with Tukachevsky's liquidation. It would world as Germany's master spy. start a purge in the Red Army that Despite his top position in the service, would not only destroy the morale of Admiral Canaris was merely a minor the Russian officers' corps but a great character. Called to }mead military es- number of file officers themselves." pionage on the eve of his retirement. Hitler was fascinated and told Heyd- never trusted by Hitler, and himself torn rich to go ahead. I was never to see between his loyalty to the Fu h c rer and secrecy in any secret service even ap- what lie regarded as his (]lilies to I,,,_ 6.
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Approved For Release 2008/04/09: CIA-RDP7O-00058ROO0100080035-4 ing it) war or sending even a -single oper- ative it) Moscow. Canaris was not in on the plot and, in fact, elaborte measures were undertaken to keep it from him. But somehow the admiral found out about it and recog- nized that a formidable opponent ap- peared on tile scene in the person of young IIeydrich. lie turned his own spy organization to the task of collecting information about IIeydrich. In the es- tablished tradition of the Continental intelligence services. Canaris believed that the rattling of a few skeletons in Ileydriclt's private closets would keep his adversary quiet. And he proved right. His agents succeeded in discovering evi- dence that Hcydrich, the fanatical Nazi. was partly of Jewish origin- a crime far worse than murder in Hitler's eyes. Then, spying on Canaris just as Cana- ris was spying on him, Hcydrich got word of the admiral's discovery. Realiz- ing that the great secret of his life was out, lie decided to conclude a tenuous alliance with Canaris, although his first impulse was to destroy him. Yet Heydrich continued to onlsmarl Canaris. While the admiral was busy with relatively minor assignments, sur- veying Czechoslovakia and Poland in preparation for the Blitzkrieg, IIeydrich moved about boldly where the admiral feared to tread. chiefs, Then suddenly Hcydrich decided to go after the whole organization. Late in the afternoon of November 8, 1939, Heydrich called us into his pri- vate office and I heard him instruct Schellenberg to bring in Best and Stev- ens alive. A plan was worked out. The two British agents would be lured to if rendezvous at Venlo, the Dutch town on the German border. then kidnaped and taken across the frontier. "I ant sick and tired of this cat-and-mouse game," IIeydrich said. "I'll feel much better when I have Best and Stevens piles of other currencies. The operation that yielded such enormous results was based on a monumental ruse. In Sep- tember, 1940. we succeeded in penetrat- ing an important branch of the Dutch underground, taking it under our wing and operating it as if nothing had hap- pened. We masqueraded as British spies and Dutch patriots, and while we had to supply at least some information to our enemies, we received far more in return. Foreign Agents Fall locked up in the Reich instead of pulling During lite climactic days of this oper- their legs long-distance." ation, we had 18 radio transmitters in With confidence in Schellenberg's lion- contact with headquarters in London and orable intentions, Payne Best and Cap- operated 14 landing grounds. More than lain Stevens showed up in Venlo as 50 British and Ditich agents fell into our agreed. The moment their car reached hands. Some decided to co-operate with the rendezvous, agents of Heydrich, us. but others defied us and preferred the dressed in the uniforms of Dutch frontier gallows to treason. guards, rushed at them and dragged them In the end, three such young into Germany. Like the famous Cicero forced its to abandon , this eesp otnage case, the Venlo incident remains a soft bonanza just when we needed it most- spul with the British Intelligence Serv- on the eve of the invasion of Europe. ice and I atn reluctant to open up old They escaped from us and returned to wounds. Yet the fact remains that we England with word about the England- again triumphed where others failed, this spiel. After three years and seven months tittle against our most formidable op- our great secret was out. We decided ponent. to call it a day. But somehow we couldn't Soon afterward we were to add insult suppress the urge to send a last parting to injury with still another plot that re- message to Messrs. Blunt, Bingham & Co. mains in the annals of espionage second "W " e are aware of the Fact, the Lines- only to the
Action against the Red Army sage read, "that you are doing usiness British Secret Service General Staff. Holland was the scene of in Holland without our help lrsenng Havi this plot as well, and the British Intelli- been, as we were, your sole rep resenta- lie decided to challenge Cite arch- genet Service was again its victim. lives for a considerable period of time, enemy, the British secret service itself. This particular operation went under we regard We were on tile very eve of tile second tile code name Englandspiei or England Yet this will not prevent sus, should fyou World War and large-scale preparations Gant. It began in September 1940 and ever decide to pay us a visit oil a far were made to gear our work to new lasted until April 1944. During that greater scale, from receiving you with tasks. Just then we discovered that flue period the German secret service ac- file hospitality which we showed your British had beaten us to the punch. They tually dominated file major British es- agents." had an intricate spy net all ready for pionage activities in Western Europe. This last message was dated April 1. the war, established in The Vague the We directed British spies at will. We 1944. After that the 18 fake transmitters Netherlands, with tentacles reaching ordered supplies fronrBritain, called for went off the air and never opened up deep into the Reicli. This net was sup- agents and information, as if we were again. posed to conduct espionage and sabotage operating within the offices of Messrs. By then, IIeydrich, too, was buried and during the war. so it became imperative Blunt, Bingham & Cothe phony first forgotten. But in his place appeared a for us to Best goy it before it could Ire- which served as the cover for this branch still greater genius, although lie lacked come dangerous, of Britain's wartime secret service. Heydrich's bitter determination and British spy headquarters in The Hague A few figures might indicate the nag- ruthless zeal. He was Werner Schellen- were in charge of two rallier lipoid- nitude of this operation and especially its berg, the man who Lured the British looking mein. but we knew that they were success. While it lasted, we called for agents to their dooni and who, in effect, ace operatives of the British Intelligence 190 parachute drops and received 95 of controlled the Englan.dspie(. Service in fact. members of Britain's them. 1Ve obtained from our British At the head of the German secret serv- professional intelligence officers, corps. "friends" 570 containers and 150 parcels ice. Werner Schellenberg knew that lie One was a "civilian" or political agent with urore liras 7.000 pounds of explo- was representing a lost cause. His activi- nanted Payne S. hest. The other was an sixes, 3.000 Stun guns. 300 Brett gums, ties were devoted to an effort to bring old-timer in military intelligence, (.all- 2.000 hand grenades, 75 radio transmit- the war to an earlier end. In the end, lain Stevens. Hcydrich decided to sirikt' tors, over half a million bullets, 5.000 lie was a failure. Although lie was only at tlfent and to destroy their whole net- revolvers. bicycles, raincoats, rubber 33 years old when Germany surrendered work by removing its doable head. }roots, uniform pieces-everything we unconditionally, Schellenberg was an Ile picked one of his deputies, a voting needed ourselves to equip our own secret aged and broken man. with no will to 'intellectual named Werner Schelfell ber R g- anenl.s' live. to prepare the grorurti. Scheilenbergwent We also called for and received sam- It was under Scbellenberg's direction to The Hague and established contact Ales of it weapon which the British and guidance that I moved up in the with Best and Stevens as a representa- guarded as lilt, apple of their eyes: a hierarchy until I became
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Commander in five of a disgruntled anti-Nazi under- special spy grin that could be fired with- chief of that sector of the secret front ground within life German Army. The out making a sound. Our British con- that include the Balkans and Italy. The two Englishmen swallowed the bait and facts were most reluctant to let us have enemies against whom I had to fight were went out of their way to collaborate with this gun, ])fit we coaxed them long the guerrillas of Yugoslavia, the con- Scltellenberg. enough and finally received six of them, spirators of Hungary, Rumania and Bill- Soon we were operating inside the an unexpcelcd gift. the growing anti-Fascist forces British spy network. One of our master We also asked for prone - and of Italy. spies was a trusted agent of its two 500.000 i)~~r,l, .--.;IA-, y ? got of Italy. Approved For Release 2008/04/09: CIA-RDP7O-000588000100080035-4 erritory. As 7.
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Approved For Release 2008/04/09: CIA-RDP70-00058R000100080035-4 a matter of fact. 1 never operated direct- ly against either Britain or America. Few of it, did. My job was to keep the tottering Axis coalition together and ]told Germany's disgruntled allies in line. It proved it super-human job and it failed in the end. but only under the hammer blows of the military defeat. Even -u. for two Ion:: }ears I was the virtual ruler of half of Europe?file part of Europe which proved traditionally the most difficult to rule. When I reached the Balkans as chief of Germany's secret service. I Found all incredible mess in every country there. Conspiracies. intrigues and revolutionary moves were brewing everywhere- Large- scale civil war was raging in Yugoslavia. To make things worse. I found that our own ally Italy, was secretly collaborat- ing with Tito. In Btrlgaria. the pro-German king was in danger, and no matter how I tried. I couldn't. save his life. In Rumania, young King Michael was moving to head a pal- ace conspiracy against its. In Hungary. the gaga old regent. Admiral Nicholas Hortlty. plotted jovially and leisurely with a group of loud-mouthed but weak- knecll patriots, among wlton a beautiful actress. Katalin Karady, appeared to be the only one with a really stout heart. J didn't know what to do first. Then I made it hasty estimate of the situation and decided to take on what appeared to be the most dangerous foe: the Croat peasant. Josip Broz- already calling him- self Marshal Tito of Yugoslavia. It seems that the western world is still puzzled by Tito's gyrations and takes his defec- tion from Moscow with at least it grain of salt. My own personal experience with Tito would indicate that at least sonic caution is advisable in dealing with this shrewd Balkan politician who was made by the fortunes of war. Tito. I found, has three outstanding points 'of strength. One is his absolute faith in himself. The other is his savage determination. learned in Communist ter- ror schools, to press [ionic his own aims by all means, fair or foul. And the third is that lie has no qualms about shuttling his alliances and making deals with anyone who at a given tnourent might serve his purpose. Tito had no secrets from me because I had my agents firmly entrenched in his headquarters and read every scrap of communication that entered or left his radio shack. I studied his coded mes- sages to (1) the Western Allies, (2) to Moscow. and (3) to Mussolini's High Command. I was certain that sooner or later lie would show up in my camp as well. of- fering to do business with Ilitler. I bided lily time, but I didn't have to wait too long. I was most annoyed by the way the Italians were playing ball with Tito. It was the summer of 1942. Our own forces were getting set for a large-scale opera. tion against the Partisans, and the plans called for an Italian army under General Mario Roatta to cover our southern front. But when zero hour came, General Ro- atta was the little man who wasn't there. Without notifying us at all, he moved out of the territory allocated to his forces and allowed Tito to occupy the vacuum. With this sudden move, the German occupation collapsed even be- fore it could be really started. "There was little I could do about it. not even when illy a; ents reported to me that General Boatta was buying arms wholesale from 'Pilo's men. But then something happened that brought nic di- rectly into the picture. Listening to Tito's secret radio. or overheard it fascinating conversation between Moscoty and the marshal in the nunnntaius. First I heard Moscow telling Tito that the Western Allies were planning to in- vade the soft underbelly of Europe, to strike at rite Germans by way of Yugo- slavia. "What do you think of this. Wal- ter?" Stalin asked Tito. using the name by which lie was known in Ilse
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Komintern. "And what are you planning to do?" Tito answered promptly and indig- nantly, "I will resist than with every- thing I have and throw dent back into the sea." Stalin seemed to like 'fito's truculence because he spurred Itim on. Just as this conversation progressed between Stalin and Tito. an envoy of the Partisans ar- rived at my headquarters in Zagreb. He said his name was Doctor Petrovie. He came to negotiate the exchange of some prisoners. Ifc bore credentials signed by Tito himself and we had no reason to doubt, indeed, that lie was Tito's per- sonal envoy. In the midst of these negotiations. this Dr, I'etrovic suddenly confided to its that lte was neither it doctor nor was his name Petrovic, In fact, lie said. lie was Lyubo Velebit- a general of the Partisans, and Tito's adviser on foreign affairs. Velehil came to us to propose a truce. I refused to believe lily own cars. but Velebit went even fusilier. Ile, told its about the Allied plan to land in Yugo- slavia. and then. in the name of Tito, he invited us to form an alliance with Tito to repel this invasion from the west. Even we. hard-boiled agents of the German secret service, were flabhcr- gasted at such brazen opportunism. Tito volunteered through his envoy to place at our disposal the supplies his Allies were sending in and to collaborate with us in the field. The matter was of such importance that we had to subunit it to Hitler him- self. But Hitler recoiled. "What?" lie shouted. "Make an alliance with bandits and rebels? Never! I won't negotiate with bandits! I'll shoot them!" At about the same time. we made an important catch in Hungary. We cap- tured a Partisan courier on his way to Tito from Moscow. We found on him a crucial document. a letter from Stalin to Tito. In it Stalin formally endorsed Tito's plan. to join the Germans and to 8. Approved For Release 2008/04/09: CIA-RDP70-00058R000100080035-4
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Approved For Release 2008/04/09: CIA-RDP70-00058R000100080035-4 fight against the Allies should Britain and the United States try to land in the Balkans. This at a time when the Com- munists throughout the world were clani.- oring for a second front! This episode of the war is not in- cluded in Tito's official biography, but there are enough eve-witnesses still alive today to bear me out. At any rate, it provided us with a different picture of Marshal Tito than the world presently was holding. From then on we dealt with him only clandestinely, as we were forbidden by Hitler to negotiate with him directly. He sold us immense quantities of his sup- plies. But he had an insatiable appetite. He refused payment in marks or lire, the currencies over which we had control. His agents demanded payment in Amer- ican dollars or English pounds, and some of it had to be paid to an account in a Swiss bank. With Hitler's orders to shoot rather than negotiate, my work as an opera. tional secret service chief was concluded in Yugoslavia. Just in 'time, at that, b-- cause I had to turn my undivided at- tention to a tragi-comic plot in Hungary. The leader of llungary. doughty old Admiral Horthy, was discovered to be dealing with Tito and planning to desert the German cause. It was a rash and pathetic course. At dawn on October 16. 1944, old Ilorthy was taken in protective custody by the notorious Colonel Otto Skorzeny, about whom you will hear more later. Ile was carted off to Ger- many, and the floodgates of terror were opened up with his departure. The Hun- garian Nazis who took his place in Buda- pest proved worthy pupils of their Ger- man masters and, if possible, they even outdid them in barbaric cruelty. They murdered thousands of innocent people during the closing days of the war and joined with the Nazis in destroying their homeland in futile resistance to the rap- idly advancing Russians. Disgusted by the consequences of an action I tried hard to prevent, I decided to seek direct contact with the Allies in the West. I refused to become a party to the vandal methods of warfare which a maddened Hitler was introducing dur- ing the waning hours of his power. The man I sought out for contact was a prominent New York attorney by the name of Allan W. Dulles. Ile was estab- lished in a patrician house in Berne's Herrengasse, as all alleged member of the American Legation staff. But I knew that lie was in fact my American oppo- site number, chief of the Eastern Euro- pean outpost of the Office of Strategic Services. As a matter of fact, I knew quite a lot about Mr. Dulles. His ideas about the war were all known to me in detail, not because I read his thoughts, but be- cause I had been reading ' his cables. I am sure Mr. Dulles will be surprised to learn that it wasn't the vaunted German secret service but merely the signal corps of the Hungarian Army which broke his code. But this enabled its to learn a lot about him and to size him tip. Reading those cables, we were an- noyed by the vicious tone of the mes- sages sent by the American Minister. Leland Harrison. Aside from their evi- dent malice, they also showed that Mr. Harrison wasn't too well informed about us. On the other 'hand, Allan Dulles showed a remarkable knowledge of things and a prophetic foresight con- cerning the Russians. No wonder! He was fed accurate information by a con- spiratorial group in the offices of Ad- miral Canaris. It was to Dulles' new mousetrap that I was soon beating my path, armed with certain information that proved of ines- timable value to the Allies. It was in- formation about the Redoubt, the mythi- eal mountain stronghold which Hitler was allegedly preparing for his last-ditch stand in the Alps. But before I could wind up my career as a secret agent, I had a last mission to perform. It was a tragic mission, at that. It was probably the very
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Last in- trigue of the second World War, but it was intrigue on a monumental scale. It was the murder of Benito Mussolini, the pathetic Duce of Italy. By then it was April 1945. The war had but a few weeks to go and Musso. lini, who made all the miscalculations and mistakes a man in his position could make, was sitting on the floor between two stools. He knew that the Germans in Italy were negotiating with the Allies and were about to surrender uncondi- tionally. He also knew that powerful forces within Germany decided to aban- don him to his fate. In his despair, he turned to Winston Churchill with a plea for help. The details of Mussolini's negotiations with Churchill are obscure. But now documents are, produced to prove that the Prime Minister promised definite 9. help to the frantic Duce. The idea was for Mussolini to escape to Switzerland and there to place himself at the dis- posal of British Intelligence, Into these negotiations burst all un- expected time bomb in the decision of certain die-hard, fanatic Italian Fascists to get rid of the Duce on the very eve of his escape. The man who was to supervise the liquidation was Mussolini's own former Minister of the Interior. ,, ruthless adventurer named Guido Buf- farini-Guidi. His plan was designed to remove the Duce without soiling his, Buffarini's. hands with his blood. He approached the panicky Duce with offers of help in his escape, and volunteered to obtain for him the necessary papers and to ar- range for transportation. Grasping at every straw, Mussolini accepted the offer and arranged with Buffarini the route of his escape. All was set. Mussolini, carrying his crated state papers and a substantial treasure with him, was scheduled to leave Italy in the direction of Lonza on April 26. He would make the crossing into Switzerland on April 27. From there, he would contact his new friends, the British in Cairo. Everything seemed in perfect order. As soon as he made the arrangement with Mussolini, Buffarini rushed to the German secret service with the other end of his plot. It was my misfortune to re- ceive the Buffarini plan in all its hideous detail during a meeting at German police headquarters in Meran. Buffarini asked us - to supply the necessary papers to Mussolini and make his flight possible. But at the same time we were supposed to tip off the anti-Fascist Partisans and lead them to Mussolini's trail. In a discussion that was remarkable only for its sound and fury, I refused to be a party to such dastardly a scheme. But we counted without Buffarini. He was determined to see his scheme suc- ceed. When we kicked him out, he went directly to a prearranged meeting with a mysterious Colonel Valerio of the Ital- ian Partisans. He was in reality Walter Audisio, one of the triggermen of the Communist underground. It was to this Audisio that Buflarini carried his lethal plan. From then on everything pro- gressed according to schedule. Benito Mussolini, traveling with his mistress Clara Petacci. left his hideout in Conio as planned on April 26. Near Approved For Release 2008/04/09: CIA-RDP70-00058R000100080035-4

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