Artemis

In Greek Mythology  and mythology, Artemis is the goddess of the hunt,

the wilderness, wild animals, nature, vegetation, childbirth, care

of children\, and chastity.[1][2] In

later times, she was identified with Selene,

the personification of the Moon.[3] She

was often said to roam the forests and mountains, attended by her entourage

of nymphs.

The goddess Diana is

her Roman equivalent.

In Greek tradition, Artemis is the daughter

of Zeus and leto

nd twin sister of Apollo. In most accounts, the twins are the products of an extramarital liaison. For this, Zeus' wife Hera forbade Leto from giving birth anywhere on solid land. Only the island of Delos gave refuge to Leto, allowing her to give birth to her children. In most accounts, Artemis is born first and then proceeds to assist Leto in the birth of the second twin, Apollo. Artemis was a kourotrophic (child-nurturing) deity, that is the patron and protector of young children, especially young girls. Artemis was worshipped as one of the primary goddesses of childbirth and midwifery along with Eileithyia and Hera.

Artemis was also a patron of healing and disease, particularly among women and children, and believed to send both good health and illness upon women and children.

Artemis was one of the three major virgin goddesses, alongside Athena and Hestia. Artemis preferred to remain an unmarried maiden and was one of the three Greek goddesses over whom Aphrodite had no power.[4]

In myth and literature, Artemis is presented as a hunting goddess of the woods, surrounded by her chaste band of nymphs. In the myth of Actaeon, when the young hunter sees her bathing naked, he is transformed into a deer by the angered goddess and is then devoured by his own hunting dogs, who do not recognize their master. In the story of Callisto, the girl is driven away from Artemis' company after breaking her vow of virginity, having lain with and been impregnated by Zeus. In the Epic tradition, Artemis halted the winds blowing the Greek ships during the Trojan War, stranding the Greek fleet in Aulis, after King Agamemnon, the leader of the expedition, shot and killed her sacred deer. Artemis demanded the sacrifice of Iphigenia, Agamemnon's young daughter, as compensation for her slain deer. In most versions, when Iphigenia is led to the altar to be offered as a sacrifice, Artemis pities her and takes her away, leaving a deer in her place. In the war that followed, Artemis supported the Trojans against the Greeks, and she challenged Hera in battle.

Artemis was one of the most widely venerated of the Ancient Greek deities; her worship spread throughout ancient Greece, with her multiple temples, altars, shrines, and local veneration found everywhere in the ancient world. Her great temple at Ephesus was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, before it was burnt to the ground. Artemis' symbols included a bow and arrow, a quiver, and hunting knives, and the deer and the cypress were sacred to her. Diana, her Roman equivalent, was especially worshipped on the Aventine Hill in Rome, near Lake Nemi in the Alban Hills, and in Campania.[5]

Etymology

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Artémis (Diane), the huntress. Roman copy of a Greek statue, 2nd century. Galleria dei Candelabri - Vatican Museums

The name "Artemis" (n.\, f.) is of unknown or uncertain etymology\,[6][7] although various sources have been proposed. R. S. P. Beekes suggested that the e/i interchange points to a Pre-Greek origin.[8] Artemis was venerated in Lydia as Artimus.[9] Georgios Babiniotis\, while accepting that the etymology is unknown\, also states that the name is already attested in Mycenean Greek and is possibly of pre-Greek origin.[7]

The name may be related to Greek árktos "bear" (from PIE *h₂ŕ̥tḱos)\, supported by the bear cult the goddess had in Attica (Brauronia) and the Neolithic remains at the Arkoudiotissa Cave\, as well as the story of Callisto\, which was originally about Artemis (Arcadian epithet kallisto);[10] this cult was a survival of very old totemic and shamanistic rituals and formed part of a larger bear cult found further afield in other Indo-European cultures (e.g.\, Gaulish Artio). It is believed that a precursor of Artemis was worshipped in Minoan Crete as the goddess of mountains and hunting\, Britomartis. While connection with Anatolian names has been suggested\,[11][12] the earliest attested forms of the name Artemis are the Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀳𐀖𐀵\, a-te-mi-to /Artemitos/ (gen.) and 𐀀𐀴𐀖𐀳\, a-ti-mi-te /Artimitei/ (dat.)\, written in Linear B at Pylos.[13][8]

According to J. T. Jablonski, the name is also Phrygian and could be "compared with the royal appellation Artemas of Xenophon.[14] Charles Anthon argued that the primitive root of the name is probably of Persian origin from arta, art, *arte, all meaning "great, excellent, holy", thus Artemis "becomes identical with the great mother of Nature, even as she was worshipped at Ephesus".[14] Anton Goebel "suggests the root στρατ or ῥατ, "to shake", and makes Artemis mean the thrower of the dart or the shooter".[15]

Ancient Greek writers\, by way of folk etymology\, and some modern scholars\, have linked Artemis (Doric Artamis) to ἄρταμος\, artamos\, i.e. "butcher"[16][17] or\, like Plato did in Cratylus\, to ἀρτεμής\, artemḗs\, i.e. "safe"\, "unharmed"\, "uninjured"\, "pure"\, "the stainless maiden".[15][14][18] A. J. Van Windekens tried to explain both ἀρτεμής and Artemis from ἀτρεμής\, atremḗs\, meaning "unmoved\, calm; stable\, firm" via metathesis.[19][20]

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